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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

272
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
39
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

316
A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Sarah Raevens1, Maxine Boret1, Michael B Fallon2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University - Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.

JHEP Reports : Innovation in Hepatology
|August 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), a liver disease complication, causes lung vascular issues and poor gas exchange. Liver transplantation is the only cure, with outcomes improving since the MELD exception policy.

Keywords:
ABG, arterial blood gasAT2, alveolar type IIAV, arteriovenousCBDL, common bile duct ligationET-1, endothelin-1ETB, endothelin receptor BFEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first secondFVC, forced vital capacityHPS, hepatopulmonary syndromeIPVDs, intrapulmonary vascular dilatationsLT, liver transplantationMELD exceptionsNO, nitric oxideP(A-a)O2, alveolar-arterial oxygenation gradientPDGF, platelet-derived growth factorPIGF, placental growth factorPVL, portal vein ligationPaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygenSE, standard exceptionSP, surfactant proteinSaO2, oxygen saturationTAA, thio-acetamideTNFα, tumour necrosis factor alphaTc-MAA, 99mTechnetium-labeled macroaggregated albuminUNOS, United Network for Organ SharingV/Q, ventilation-perfusionVCAM1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factorcirrhosisportal hypertensionvWF, von Willebrand factor

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Hepatology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication linked to liver disease.
  • It leads to intrapulmonary vascular dilatations and shunts, impairing gas exchange and affecting patient prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) diagnosis and management.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding HPS pathogenesis through experimental and translational studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental models and translational studies on HPS.
  • Synthesis of current data on HPS diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • HPS involves complex liver-gut-lung interactions impacting pulmonary endothelial, immune, and epithelial cells.
  • Liver transplantation is the sole effective treatment, typically reversing HPS.
  • Outcomes for HPS patients have improved post-MELD exception policy implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HPS pathogenesis is advancing through integrated research.
  • Improved diagnostic and management strategies are crucial for better HPS patient outcomes.
  • Liver transplantation remains the definitive therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome.