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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation
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Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation

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Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation.

Harunobu Kagawa1, Alok Javali1, Heidar Heidari Khoei1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC).

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|August 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists created human blastoids, stem cell models of early human development, that mimic key developmental stages and cell types. These blastoids can attach to uterine cells, offering a new model for studying human implantation.

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Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification
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Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Human blastocyst development is complex and difficult to study in vitro.
  • Accurate models are needed to understand early human development and implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a human blastocyst model (blastoid) from stem cells that recapitulates key developmental events.
  • To assess the blastoid's ability to mimic human blastocyst morphogenesis, cell specification, and patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Naïve human pluripotent stem cells were cultured in PXGL conditions.
  • Triple inhibition of Hippo, transforming growth factor-β, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways was employed.
  • Morphogenesis, cell specification, and patterning were analyzed using transcriptomic and functional assays.

Main Results:

  • Blastoids formed efficiently (>70%) within ~4 days, recapitulating blastocyst development stages.
  • Blastoids produced analogs of trophoblast, epiblast, and primitive endoderm, with >96% cells transcriptionally similar to blastocysts.
  • Patterned blastoids formed an embryonic-abembryonic axis and directionally attached to endometrial cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed human blastoid is a scalable, versatile, and ethical model for in vitro studies.
  • This model faithfully recapitulates human blastocyst development and implantation processes.
  • Blastoids offer significant potential for advancing research in early human development and reproductive medicine.