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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

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Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Panic Disorder01:27

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Sex and gender differences in pain.

Natalie R Osborne1, Karen D Davis2

  • 1Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

International Review of Neurobiology
|August 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Sex and gender significantly impact chronic pain experiences and prevalence, particularly in women. Research must include sex and gender analyses for effective, personalized pain treatment.

Keywords:
AnalgesiaChronic painDescending pain modulationGenderNeuroimagingPain sensitivityPain toleranceSexSex hormonesSomatosensory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Chronic pain affects 20% of adults globally and disproportionately impacts women.
  • Sex and gender influence pain sensitivity, perception, and coping mechanisms.
  • Historical preclinical research predominantly used male animals, overlooking sex-specific biological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multifaceted influence of sex and gender on chronic pain.
  • To highlight sex and gender differences in pain mechanisms, neural circuitry, and clinical presentation.
  • To emphasize the need for sex- and gender-inclusive research in pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies including female animals.
  • Analysis of human neuroimaging data for sex and gender differences in pain-related neural circuits.
  • Examination of clinical pain research on gender's role in pain contextualization and coping.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences identified in physiological pain mechanisms, including gene/protein involvement and hormone-immune interactions.
  • Neuroimaging reveals distinct neural circuitry alterations in chronic pain conditions between sexes.
  • Gender influences susceptibility to chronic pain, coping strategies, and treatment efficacy/side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Sex and gender are critical determinants of the chronic pain experience.
  • Inclusion of sex and gender analyses in research is essential for understanding pain mechanisms.
  • Personalized pain treatment strategies must account for individual sex and gender differences.