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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

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Sex differences in neurovascular disorders.

Cheryl Carcel1, Valeria Caso2, Diana Aguiar de Sousa3

  • 1The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

International Review of Neurobiology
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Summary

Sex differences significantly impact neurovascular disorders like stroke, affecting presentation, risk factors, and outcomes. Understanding these disparities is crucial for equitable emergency medicine and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
EquityGender differencesSex differencesStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Neurovascular disorders encompass a range of conditions, with stroke being a critical emergency.
  • Significant sex-based differences exist in symptom presentation, risk factors, treatment efficacy, and patient outcomes for neurovascular disorders.
  • Women often exhibit distinct stroke symptoms, such as generalized weakness, reduced consciousness, and headache, compared to men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sex differences in stroke.
  • To detail sex-based variations in specific stroke types: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral venous thrombosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on sex differences in neurovascular disorders.
  • Analysis of clinical data and trial outcomes stratified by sex.

Main Results:

  • Women present with stroke symptoms differently than men, often with generalized weakness, altered consciousness, and headache.
  • Sex disparities are evident in risk factors, treatment responses, and secondary prevention effectiveness.
  • Women have an elevated risk for cerebral venous thrombosis and cerebral aneurysms.
  • Historically, women have been underrepresented in clinical trials for neurovascular disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Acknowledging and addressing sex differences is vital for improving diagnosis and treatment of neurovascular disorders.
  • Further research and inclusive trial designs are necessary to ensure equitable care for all sexes in neurovascular medicine.