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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Obesity: a perfect storm for carcinogenesis.

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  • 1Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. benjamin.harris@oncology.ox.ac.uk.

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Summary

Obesity is a leading cause of cancer, driving 40% of US cancer cases. This study explores how obesity impacts the eight hallmarks of cancer, potentially leading to new prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
AdiposityBMICancerCarcinogenesisHallmarks of cancerObesity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant and growing public health concern.
  • Obesity is surpassing smoking as the leading modifiable risk factor for cancer.
  • Obesity-related cancers constitute 40% of cancer diagnoses in the USA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate how obesity influences the established hallmarks of cancer in somatic cells.
  • To review the current understanding and controversies regarding obesity's role in carcinogenesis.
  • To identify areas for future cross-disciplinary research in obesity and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the "hallmarks of cancer" framework to analyze obesity's effects.
  • Reviewed existing literature on obesity's impact on cancer development.
  • Synthesized current knowledge on obesity-related factors and their influence on carcinogenic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Obesity affects all eight hallmarks of cancer, including sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction.
  • Obesity also contributes to genome instability and tumor-promoting inflammation.
  • The precise contribution of various obesity-related factors to specific malignancies remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity significantly promotes cancer development by influencing multiple carcinogenic pathways.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the specific roles of different obesity-related factors in various cancers.
  • Understanding how obesity affects cancer hallmarks may pave the way for novel prevention and treatment strategies for an increasingly obese population.