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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Salt-in-Salt Reinforced Carbonate Electrolyte for Li Metal Batteries.

Sufu Liu1, Jiale Xia1, Weiran Zhang2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel "salt-in-salt" strategy enhances lithium nitrate solubility in carbonate electrolytes, creating a stable inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for high-voltage lithium metal batteries.

Keywords:
Carbonate ElectrolyteDendrite-FreeInorganic InterphaseLithium Metal BatteriesSalt in Salt

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-voltage lithium metal batteries are limited by carbonate electrolyte instability with metallic lithium.
  • Developing stable electrolytes is crucial for advanced energy storage applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the stability of carbonate electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries.
  • To enable high-performance lithium metal anodes by engineering the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI).

Main Methods:

  • A "salt-in-salt" strategy was employed to increase lithium nitrate solubility using a magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2) carrier.
  • Investigated the role of nitrate (NO3-) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6-) anions in Li+-solvent complexes.
  • Fabricated and tested high-loading NCM811||Li full cells.

Main Results:

  • The designed electrolyte promoted the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI, enhancing lithium metal anode performance.
  • Achieved a superior lithium Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.7%.
  • Demonstrated 84.6% capacity retention after 200 cycles in a high-loading NCM811||Li full cell.

Conclusions:

  • The "salt-in-salt" approach effectively stabilizes carbonate electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries.
  • The enhancement of lithium nitrate solubility by divalent salts offers a universal strategy for designing electrolytes for various metal batteries.