Prebiotic chemical refugia: multifaceted scenario for the formation of biomolecules in primitive Earth

The origin of life was a cosmic event happened on primitive Earth. A critical problem to better understand the origins of life in Earth is the search for chemical scenarios on which the basic building blocks of biological molecules could be produced. Classic works in pre-biotic chemistry frequently considered early Earth as an homogeneous atmosphere constituted by chemical elements such as methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), water (H₂O), hydrogen (H₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Under that scenario, Stanley Miller was capable to produce amino acids and solved the question about the abiotic origin of proteins. Conversely, the origin of nucleic acids has tricked scientists for decades once nucleotides are complex, though necessary molecules to allow the existence of life. Here we review possible chemical scenarios that allowed not only the formation of nucleotides but also other significant biomolecules. We aim to provide a theoretical solution for the origin of biomolecules at specific sites named "Prebiotic Chemical Refugia." Prebiotic chemical refugium should therefore be understood as a geographic site in prebiotic Earth on which certain chemical elements were accumulated in higher proportion than expected, facilitating the production of basic building blocks for biomolecules. This higher proportion should not be understood as static, but dynamic; once the physicochemical conditions of our planet changed periodically. These different concentration of elements, together with geochemical and astronomical changes along days, synodic months and years provided somewhat periodic changes in temperature, pressure, electromagnetic fields, and conditions of humidity, among other features. Recent and classic works suggesting most likely prebiotic refugia on which the main building blocks for biological molecules might be accumulated are reviewed and discussed.