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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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More than Words? Semantic Emotion Labels Boost Context Effects on Faces.

Maya Lecker1, Hillel Aviezer1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel.

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Summary

Emotional labels amplify how context affects facial expression recognition. This effect, termed label dominance, was observed when faces and bodies were aligned, highlighting language

Keywords:
Context effectsEmotion recognitionFacial expressionsSemantic labels

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Semantic emotional labels influence isolated facial expression recognition.
  • The impact of labels on facial expression susceptibility to context remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if emotional labels affect the influence of body context on facial expression recognition.
  • To determine if face-body alignment modulates the effect of semantic labels on contextual influence.

Main Methods:

  • Participants categorized facial expressions in face-body composites under congruent or incongruent conditions.
  • Face-body stimuli were presented aligned or spatially misaligned.
  • Responses were collected via emotion label categorization or perceptual expression matching.

Main Results:

  • A label dominance effect was observed: face-body congruency effects were larger with semantic labels than perceptual matching.
  • This label dominance was significant only when faces and bodies were spatially aligned.
  • Spatial misalignment reduced the contextual impact of the body on facial expression recognition.

Conclusions:

  • Semantic emotional labels increase facial expression susceptibility to body context, particularly when aligned.
  • Conceptual language plays a significant role in modulating face-body context effects.
  • Findings suggest language influences how we integrate multimodal social cues.