Isorhamnetin: A Novel Natural Product Beneficial for Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a severe threat to human beings with increasing morbidity and mortality. Isorhamnetin (Iso) shows multiple bioactivities, especially in the cardiovascular system. A literature retrieval strategy was conducted in databases of PubMed, GeenMedical, Sci-Hub, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Baidu Scholar, with keywords defined as: "Isorhamnetin", "cardiovascular diseases", "pharmacological effects", "phytochemistry", "pharmacokinetics", "clinical application" and "toxicity". The language is restricted to Chinese and English, and publish date ranges from January, 2011 to September, 2021. So far, Iso has been isolated and identified from several natural medicines, including Hippophae rhamnoides L., Ginkgo biloba L. and Typha angustifolia L., etc. The effects of Iso on CVD are pharmacological, including anti-atherosclerosis, reducing blood fat, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, endothelial protection, antithrombosis, antiplatelet aggregation, myocardial protection, and anti-hypertension. Iso could inhibit the activities of CYPs in liver microsomes and suppress hepatocyte injury in vitro. However, no toxicity was observed in vivo. Taken together, Iso has a wide range of positive effects on CVD with safe and multiple pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular system and may be an ideal candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Therefore, further studies, especially on its clinic use, need to be conducted. The present review summarizes the recent progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanisms of action and provides a reference for future studies on Iso.