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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
Published on: February 24, 2023
Combination high-dose interleukin-2 and nivolumab for programmed cell death-1 refractory metastatic melanoma: a case
Mina Nikanjam1, Jaren Mullen2, Carol Yacoub3
1Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Dr #0987, La Jolla, CA, USA. mnikanjam@ucsd.edu.
Background:
Therapeutic options are needed for metastatic melanoma refractory to therapies directed against programmed cell death-1. High-dose interleukin-2 has the potential to overcome programmed cell death-1 resistance.
Case Presentation:
We report three consecutive Caucasian patients, two female (60 and 55 years old) and one male (56 years old), refractory to anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy who were treated with concurrent nivolumab and standard-dosing bolus high-dose interleukin-2. We did not see any unexpected toxicities with overlapping treatments as compared with either high-dose interleukin-2 or nivolumab alone.
Conclusions:
The tolerance and disease control observed among the three patients in this limited series support formal exploration of this combination.
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