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Updated: Aug 30, 2025
Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
The evolving face of heart failure management
Mandeep Singh Kalsi1, Nalin Dayawansa2, Josh Winderlich3
1MBBS, AMC, Cert EM (ACEM), Cardiology Registrar, Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, Northern Health, Epping, Vic.
Insights
New heart failure (HF) medications, including angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, offer survival benefits but are underused. Increased GP familiarity can improve patient outcomes in HF management.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Heart failure (HF) is a significant cause of illness and death in Australia.
- Current HF therapeutic options are limited, but new drug classes are emerging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To update general practitioners (GPs) on HF management.
- To increase GP familiarity with ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors for improved HF treatment.
Main Methods:
- Review of stepwise diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring in HF.
- Focus on the role of ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors in HF care.
Main Results:
- ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce morbidity and improve survival in HF with reduced ejection fraction.
- These novel medications remain underutilized in clinical practice.
Conclusions:
- Increased GP knowledge of ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors can enhance their uptake.
- Maximizing the use of these drugs will benefit patients with HF.
Background:
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia. While the therapeutic options available for HF remain limited, recent studies have expanded treatment options to include angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
Objective:
The aim of this article is to provide an update on the management of HF for general practitioners (GPs), who play a pivotal part in the management of patients with complex presentations. By reviewing the stepwise diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients with HF, it is hoped that this article encourages GPs to take an active role in the management of patients with HF. Specifically, the aim is to increase familiarity with ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors, maximising their uptake and benefit for patients with HF.
Discussion:
ARNIs and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce morbidity and confer a survival benefit in the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction, yet they remain underused. Further familiarisation with these new classes of medication will enable increased uptake, which will benefit patients with HF.
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