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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Regression Toward the Mean01:52

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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid Function and COVID-19 Susceptibility and Its Severity: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhihao Zhang1, Tian Fang2, Lanlan Chen3

  • 1Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Xi'an NO.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, P.R. China.

Endocrinology
|September 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher free thyroxine (FT4) levels are linked to reduced COVID-19 hospitalization and severe disease risk. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) showed no association with COVID-19 outcomes in this genetic study.

Keywords:
COVID-19Mendelian randomizationfree thyroxinethyroid functionthyroid stimulating hormone

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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest a link between thyroid hormones and COVID-19 severity, but findings are inconsistent.
  • The precise role of thyroid function in COVID-19 outcomes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between genetically predicted thyroid hormone levels (free thyroxine - FT4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH) and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.
  • To leverage large-scale genetic data for robust analysis, overcoming limitations of observational studies.

Main Methods:

  • A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies.
  • Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was the primary analysis, with MR-Egger, weighted median, and robust adjusted profile score (RAPS) used for sensitivity analyses.
  • Genetic variants for FT4 (n=49,269) and TSH (n=54,288) were used as instrumental variables for COVID-19 outcomes (susceptibility, hospitalization, severe disease).

Main Results:

  • Genetically predicted higher FT4 levels were associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (OR=0.818) and very severe disease (OR=0.758).
  • No significant association was found between genetically predicted FT4 and COVID-19 susceptibility.
  • Genetically predicted TSH levels showed no evidence of association with COVID-19 susceptibility or severity.
  • Sensitivity analyses did not detect significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Higher serum FT4 levels within the normal range may offer a protective effect against severe COVID-19 outcomes.
  • Genetically predicted TSH levels are unlikely to influence COVID-19 risk.
  • Thyroid function, particularly FT4 levels, may warrant consideration in the clinical management of COVID-19 patients.