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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
07:38

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

Published on: September 25, 2017

Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile.

C de Meester, F Poncelet, M Roberfroid

    Toxicology
    |September 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Acrylonitrile is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium, but only with liver enzyme activation (S9 mix). Certain bacterial strains, like TA1530, showed higher sensitivity to this mutagen.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Toxicology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Acrylonitrile is a chemical compound with potential mutagenic properties.
    • Assessing chemical mutagenicity requires understanding metabolic activation pathways.
    • Salmonella typhimurium strains are commonly used in mutagenicity testing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the mutagenicity of gaseous acrylonitrile.
    • To determine the role of metabolic activation in acrylonitrile's mutagenic effect.
    • To identify Salmonella typhimurium strains sensitive to acrylonitrile.

    Main Methods:

    • Incubation of Salmonella typhimurium strains with gaseous acrylonitrile (0.2% atmosphere).
    • Use of fortified S9 liver fraction for metabolic activation.

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    Published on: March 20, 2018

    The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System
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    The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System

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    Published on: September 25, 2017

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    The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System

    Published on: April 26, 2018

  • Bacterial fluctuation tests to confirm mutagenicity and sensitivity.
  • Varying S9 mix composition, animal species, and pretreatments.

    • Main Results:

    • Gaseous acrylonitrile induced his+ revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strains, but only in the presence of S9 liver fraction.
    • Mutagenic effects were most pronounced in strains TA1530, TA1535, and TA1950.
    • Strain TA1530 demonstrated particular sensitivity.
    • Reversion rates were influenced by S9 mix composition and animal factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Acrylonitrile exhibits microsome-mediated mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium.
    • The mutagenicity is particularly evident in strains susceptible to base-substitution mutagens.
    • Metabolic activation via S9 fraction is crucial for observing acrylonitrile's mutagenic potential.