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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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Quantifying the effects of human activities and climate variability on runoff changes using variable infiltration

Qingling Bao1,2, Jianli Ding1,2, Lijing Han1,2

  • 1College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China.

Plos One
|September 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Human activities and climate variability significantly impact arid region runoff. While human activities decreased runoff, climate variability increased it, highlighting complex water stress dynamics in Xinjiang

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Assessing hydrologic cycle changes is crucial for ecological security in arid regions.
  • The distinct impacts of human activities and climate variability on arid runoff remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the effects of human activities and climate variability on runoff in the Lake Ebinur catchment, Xinjiang.
  • To provide insights for water resource management in arid environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a heuristic segmentation algorithm to define study periods (1964-2017).
  • Employed the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model and remote sensing data.
  • Analyzed changes in land cover and leaf area index (LAI).

Main Results:

  • Runoff depth changes were analyzed across reference (1964-1985) and impact periods (1986-2000, 2001-2017).
  • Human activities decreased runoff by 108.80 mm in Period I, while climate variability increased it by 110.5 mm.
  • In Period II, climate variability increased runoff by 154.40 mm, offset by a human-induced decrease of 143.30 mm.

Conclusions:

  • Both human activities and climate variability exert significant, often opposing, influences on arid region runoff.
  • Findings inform water stress management strategies in Xinjiang's changing environment.