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Investigating Search Among Physical and Virtual Objects Under Different Lighting Conditions.

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    Mobile augmented reality (AR) in outdoor settings shows promise but requires attention to lighting and cognitive load. User comfort and object recall varied, impacting task performance in real-world AR applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Computer Vision
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Mobile augmented reality (AR) integrates digital content with the physical world, aiding environmental search and inspection.
    • Limited research exists on AR's viability in wide-area outdoor environments and its effect on human behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate user interactions with physical and virtual objects in outdoor AR.
    • To assess the impact of lighting conditions on user behavior and AR experience.
    • To determine how cognitive load affects AR task performance.

    Main Methods:

    • A wide-area outdoor AR user study ($n=48$) using Microsoft Hololens 2.
    • Participants performed a treasure hunt task in an augmented outdoor courtyard.
    • Measured walking paths, head orientation, eye gaze, and queried user memory and feedback.

    Main Results:

    • Lower user comfort reported in natural light; increased collisions with physical objects at night.
    • Recall for physical objects was poorer than for virtual objects.
    • More virtual targets were found behind virtual objects, indicating higher attention to virtual elements.
    • Dual-tasking (audio monitoring) altered search behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • Technical, perceptual, and cognitive factors are crucial for realizing the potential of mobile AR in diverse environments.
    • Optimizing AR experiences requires considering lighting, object interaction, and user cognitive load.
    • Future AR development must address these factors for effective "anywhere and anytime" applications.