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A mechanism for red coloration in vertebrates
Matthew B Toomey1, Cristiana I Marques2, Pedro M Araújo3
1Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Current Biology : CB
|September 1, 2022
Summary
Scientists discovered the enzymes cytochrome P450 2J19 (CYP2J19) and BDH1L responsible for converting yellow carotenoids to red ketocarotenoids in vertebrates. This finding explains the biological basis of red coloration in many species.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Evolutionary Biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Red coloration is widespread in nature, particularly among vertebrates.
- The biochemical pathway for converting dietary yellow carotenoids into red ketocarotenoids was previously unknown.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify the enzymes responsible for ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in vertebrates.
- To elucidate the mechanism underlying red color production from carotenoids.
Main Methods:
- Enzyme assays using cytochrome P450 2J19 (CYP2J19) and BDH1L.
- Expression analysis in bird feather follicles and fish skin.
- Cell culture experiments and ectopic expression in fish.
- Genetic analysis of color variation in bird feathers.
Main Results:
- CYP2J19 and BDH1L were found to be sufficient for converting yellow carotenoids to red ketocarotenoids.
- These enzymes are expressed at sites of ketocarotenoid production in birds and fish.
- Homologs of these enzymes are essential for ketocarotenoid production in fish.
- TTC39B was identified as a protein that enhances ketocarotenoid production.
Conclusions:
- The study identifies a key enzymatic pathway for vertebrate red coloration.
- This discovery provides a molecular basis for the evolution of red color diversity in vertebrates.
- The findings have implications for understanding pigment biosynthesis and evolution across diverse species.
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