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Context-dependency in carnivore co-occurrence across a multi-use conservation landscape.

Gonçalo Curveira-Santos1, Laura Gigliotti2, Chris Sutherland3

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Carnivore spatial overlap varies by conservation context, while temporal activity patterns remain consistent. Management strategies significantly influence carnivore interactions and community structure.

Keywords:
camera trapconservation managementco‐occupancyinterspecific interactionstemporal overlap

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Wildlife Management

Background:

  • Carnivore intraguild dynamics are shaped by environmental factors and species interactions.
  • Conservation approaches in South Africa have created diverse management landscapes influencing carnivore communities.
  • Understanding context-dependency in carnivore co-occurrence is crucial for effective conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate spatial and temporal carnivore co-occurrence patterns across different management contexts.
  • To determine how environmental affinities and interspecific interactions influence carnivore assemblage structure.
  • To assess the impact of decentralized conservation on carnivore spatial and temporal dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Studied carnivore spatial occupancy and diel activity overlap across three distinct South African wildlife management areas.
  • Compared co-occurrence patterns in a provincial protected area, a private ecotourism reserve, and commercial game ranches.
  • Analyzed pair-specific variability in spatial overlap and temporal activity synchrony.

Main Results:

  • Carnivores generally showed independent spatial distribution, with context-specific spatial dependencies observed.
  • Spatial overlap was highest in the protected area and game ranches, but heterogeneous in the private reserve.
  • Temporal activity overlap (diel asynchrony) was consistent across contexts, suggesting endogenous control rather than local influences.

Conclusions:

  • Carnivore co-occurrence is complex and context-dependent, influenced by management practices.
  • Subordinate carnivores may employ flexible behavioral strategies to coexist with dominant competitors.
  • Conservation interventions can have unpredicted cascading effects on carnivore interaction networks.