Overview of Thigh and Leg Anatomical and Sonographic Landmarks in Rheumatic Patients

Musculoskeletal ultrasound has become a practical and accessible diagnostic tool for musculoskeletal diseases. It is used to examine joints, tendons, vessels, and nerves due to its wide availability in rheumatology practice. Ultrasound has also been applied for years in other areas such as muscular injuries in sports activities and rheumatic diseases with inflammation such as myositis. The knowledge among rheumatologists about muscle ultrasound is increasingly growing taking into account it is not the main target of their ultrasound activity but mainly based on the evaluation of joint, synovitis, tenosynovitis, vasculitis in giant cell arteritis, and parotid gland evaluation in Sjögren´s syndrome. Thus, the present review describes anatomical and ultrasound findings including all muscles of the thigh (anterior, posterior, medial aspects) and leg (anterior, lateral, posterior superficial, deep posterior compartments) of lower limb structures to ease a comprehensive clinical and sonographic evaluation.