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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Towards Nematic Phases in Ionic Liquid Crystals - A Simulation Study.

Christian Haege1, Stefan Jagiella1, Frank Giesselmann1

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
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Summary

Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) typically form smectic phases. Shifting ionic charge location on mesogenic ions from ends to center can induce rare nematic phases, offering new material design possibilities.

Keywords:
charge positionionic liquid crystalsmolecular dynamicsnematic phasesphase behaviour

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are conductive soft materials with tunable mesomorphic properties.
  • ILCs commonly exhibit smectic A phases due to ionic/non-ionic segment segregation.
  • Nematic phases are rare in ILCs, posing a challenge for fundamental understanding and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the influence of ionic charge location on ILC phase behavior.
  • Understand the exceptional rarity of nematic phases in ILCs.
  • Identify strategies for obtaining nematic ILCs.

Main Methods:

  • Computational simulation study.
  • Analysis of ILC phase transitions.
  • Systematic variation of ionic charge position on mesogenic ions.

Main Results:

  • The location of the ionic charge on mesogenic ions critically affects ILC phase behavior.
  • Shifting charge from the ends towards the center destabilizes the liquid crystalline state.
  • This charge shift induces a transition from smectic A to nematic phases.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic charge distribution is a key factor in ILC mesomorphism.
  • Strategic placement of ionic charge can promote the formation of desirable nematic phases.
  • Findings offer insights for designing novel ILCs with tailored properties.