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Autophagic Cell Death

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...

Necrosis

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...

Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

Overview of Cell Death

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Published on: September 9, 2017

The Interplay Between Autophagy and Regulated Necrosis.

Lei Zhang^1,2, Taixing Cui³, Xuejun Wang⁴

¹College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

|September 2, 2022

Summary

Autophagy and regulated necrosis are crucial for cell health and disease. Their complex interplay, particularly macroautophagy

Keywords:

autophagy ferroptosis mitochondrial membrane permeability transition mitophagy necroptosis pyroptosis

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Published on: July 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Cellular Biology
Pathophysiology

Background:

Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis.
Regulated necrosis encompasses diverse cell death pathways like necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
Dysregulation of both autophagy and regulated necrosis contributes to human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the intricate molecular interplay between macroautophagy and regulated necrosis.
To analyze how macroautophagy can antagonize or promote different forms of regulated necrosis.
To explore the dual roles of autophagy in cell survival and death within pathological contexts.

Main Methods:

Critical analysis of recent scientific literature.
Focus on molecular mechanisms governing the crosstalk between macroautophagy and regulated necrosis.
Examination of the bidirectional regulatory roles between autophagy and necrosis components.

Main Results:

Macroautophagy exhibits dual roles, potentially promoting or inhibiting regulated necrosis.
Key regulated necrosis components also influence autophagy, complicating their relationship.
The interplay is context-dependent, varying with necrosis type, cell type, and stimuli.

Conclusions:

Understanding the autophagy-regulated necrosis interplay offers insights into disease mechanisms.
Further research requires definitive methods to evaluate autophagic flux and quantify necrosis.
The relationship between chaperone-mediated autophagy/microautophagy and regulated necrosis is largely unexplored.