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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Geometry-controlled phase transition in vibrated granular media.

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Modifying container geometry, like a V-shape, enhances particle disorder and agitation in vibrated granular media. This method maximizes energy use for blending and vibration absorption, outperforming simple vibration tuning.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Granular media serve as analogs for thermodynamic systems.
  • Energy injection via vibration can induce fluidization in granular materials.
  • Container geometry's role in granular dynamics is less explored than vibration parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how container geometry influences vibrated granular media dynamics.
  • Maximize internal disorder and agitation for applications like particle blending and vibration absorption.
  • Explore the interplay between external vibration and container asymmetry.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments on vibrated particles in a 2D vertical container.
  • Modification of container base into a V-shape to break symmetry.
  • Analysis of solid-to-fluid volume fraction and granular temperature.
  • Comparison with KTHNY theory for 2D melting.

Main Results:

  • V-shape container geometry induces coexistence of crystalline and amorphous phases.
  • Solid-to-fluid volume fraction and granular temperature depend on vibration and topological defects.
  • Asymmetry-induced defects significantly impact granular dynamics.
  • Observed phenomena align with two-dimensional melting transition theories.

Conclusions:

  • Container geometry is a crucial factor in controlling granular media behavior.
  • V-shape geometry effectively enhances disorder and agitation by introducing topological defects.
  • This approach offers a novel way to optimize granular systems for specific applications.