Jaw mechanics in macrophagous lamniform sharks and their evolutionary and functional implications

Jaw mechanics of lamniform sharks were examined three-dimensionally to analyze the variability in jaw shape and the evolution of the jaw system based on the extant macrophagous species. Three-dimensional lever analysis was applied to lamniform jaws to calculate bite force at each tooth relative to maximum input force from jaw adductor muscles for interspecific comparison of efficiency in lamniform jaws. When total input force from the jaw adductor muscles on both working and balancing sides of the skull is considered, input force varies along the jaw because the contribution by balancing side muscles is not constant. The phylogenetically basal-most species, Mitsukurina owstoni, has the least efficient jaws due to posteriorly positioned jaw adductor muscles. Our study shows that the higher efficiency of jaws is regarded as apomorphic in lamniform phylogeny owing to the anterior extension of jaw adductor muscles relative to M. owstoni and a relative decrease in jaw length in relation to width seen in some species, both of which increase leverage. Differences in the efficiency of jaws among derived genera or species are due to the morphology of their jaws. The relationship between calculated bite force relative to maximum input force and tooth morphology indicates low relative bite forces being exerted at anteriorly located, narrow, piercing teeth, whereas high relative bite forces at posteriorly located, broad, cutting, or crushing-type teeth. As a result, the biting pressure during feeding is maintained throughout the tooth series.