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Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Iron(II) Complexes Featuring a Redox-Active Dihydrazonopyrrole Ligand.

Kate A Jesse¹, Mu-Chieh Chang², Alexander S Filatov¹

¹University of Chicago Department of Chemistry, 929 E 57 St. Chicago, IL, 60637.

Zeitschrift Fur Anorganische Und Allgemeine Chemie

|September 5, 2022

Summary

Researchers synthesized iron complexes with dihydrazonopyrrole (DHP) ligands, demonstrating ligand-based redox chemistry. These five-coordinate iron complexes offer potential for enhanced reactivity due to an open coordination site.

Keywords:

X-ray absorption spectroscopy ligand noninnocence redox-active ligands solvochromatism spin-crossover

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Last Updated: Aug 29, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Preparation of SNS CobaltII Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Preparation of SNS CobaltII Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Organometallic Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

Metal-ligand cooperativity is a key strategy in synthetic chemistry for mediating challenging transformations.
NNN pincer ligands are well-established, but ligands capable of both proton and electron transfer are less common.
Dihydrazonopyrrole (DHP) ligands show tunable redox and protonation states with Nickel, but this is less clear with other metals.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize new iron-dihydrazonopyrrole (Fe-DHP) complexes.
To investigate the redox behavior and electronic structure of these Fe-DHP complexes.
To explore the potential for enhanced reactivity offered by the coordination environment.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a new series of iron complexes featuring dihydrazonopyrrole (DHP) ligands.
Isolation of complexes in two distinct oxidation states.
Detailed characterization techniques to elucidate electronic structure and coordination geometry.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of two distinct oxidation states of Fe-DHP complexes.
Characterization confirms that the redox activity is primarily ligand-based.
The complexes are five-coordinate with an available open coordination site.

Conclusions:

The synthesized Fe-DHP complexes exhibit ligand-based redox chemistry.
The five-coordinate nature and open site suggest potential for further reactivity.
This work expands the understanding of DHP ligand behavior with first-row transition metals.