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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

3D visualization processes for recreating and studying organismal form.

Duncan J Irschick¹, Fredrik Christiansen², Neil Hammerschlag^3,4,5

¹Department of Biology, 221 Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.

|September 5, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists can now create and animate accurate 3D models of living organisms using new imaging and software. These 3D models aid in biomechanical analysis, functional morphology, and understanding biological form across diverse species.

Keywords:

Biological sciences Ecology Evolutionary biology Zoology

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Functional morphology
Biomechanical analysis

Background:

Understanding biological form is crucial for evolutionary biology and functional morphology.
Traditional methods for studying biological form have limitations.
Emerging technologies offer new avenues for detailed analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review emerging methods for creating and analyzing accurate 3D models of living organisms.
To demonstrate the application of these methods across various animal taxa and scientific disciplines.
To highlight the potential of 3D modeling for future research in biology.

Main Methods:

3D photogrammetry, laser scanning, CT scanning, and 3D software for model creation.
Multi-camera systems for capturing 3D data of live animals.
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for data visualization and sharing.

Main Results:

Accurate 3D models can be generated for diverse animals, from whales to lizards.
Applications demonstrated in natural history collections, body condition analysis, bioinspired robotics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), machine learning, and education.
Provided datasets showcase the utility of CFD and machine learning approaches.

Conclusions:

3D modeling represents a significant advancement in studying biological form and function.
These methods facilitate interdisciplinary research and data accessibility.
The reviewed techniques offer a powerful toolkit for future biological investigations.