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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Three-Dimensional Shape Modeling and Analysis of Brain Structures
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Three-Dimensional Plastic Modeling on Bone Frames for Cost-Effective Neuroanatomy Teaching.

Manuel de Jesus Encarnacion Ramirez1, Renat Nurmukhametov1, Gerald Musa1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, People's Friendship University, Moscow, RUS.

Cureus
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study presents affordable, 3D-printed anatomical models for medical training. These cost-effective neuroanatomy models offer a replicable alternative to cadavers, enhancing education accessibility.

Keywords:
3d pen3d printinganatomyeducationlow-costtraining model

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anatomical Modeling
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Cadaveric models are crucial for medical training but are scarce, costly, and pose health risks.
  • Accessible and affordable alternatives are needed, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Current limitations hinder widespread hands-on anatomy education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a cost-effective and easily replicable method for creating 3D-printed anatomical models.
  • To enhance access to hands-on neuroanatomy education, especially in low-resource environments.
  • To provide a viable alternative to traditional cadaveric specimens.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a 3D-printed or cadaveric bone frame as a base.
  • Applying silicone-based glue and 3D printing anatomical structures using plastiline and an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene pen.
  • Employing a heat gun for smoothing and painting for anatomical accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated diverse anatomical models, including cerebrovascular anatomy, cranial nerves, and skull base.
  • Demonstrated the creation of models for extracranial structures such as the spine.
  • Validated the technique's effectiveness in replicating complex anatomical features.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D printing technique offers an affordable and replicable solution for anatomical education.
  • This method can bridge the educational gap between high- and low-resource medical facilities.
  • Democratizes access to essential hands-on neuroanatomy training.