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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
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Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands01:20

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Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence
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Aging in the sebaceous gland.

Xiaoxiao Hou1,2,3, Ziyu Wei4, Christos C Zouboulis2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sebaceous gland (SG) aging, driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leads to skin dryness and altered sebum. Understanding these processes and involved signaling pathways is key to managing skin aging.

Keywords:
agingdifferentiationhyperplasiasebaceous glandstem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Sebaceous glands (SGs) are crucial for skin lubrication, originating from hair follicular stem cells.
  • Intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors contribute to SG degradation, mirroring overall body and skin aging.
  • SG aging manifests as hyperplasia followed by atrophy, leading to decreased sebum, dryness, and other skin issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of sebaceous gland aging.
  • To identify key signaling pathways involved in SG differentiation and aging.
  • To explore the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on SG senescence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, c-Myc, AhR, p53, Notch) implicated in SG aging.
  • Analysis of intrinsic aging factors (free radicals, neuroendocrine alterations).
  • Evaluation of extrinsic factors (photoaging, pollution, smoking) on SG behavior.

Main Results:

  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors activate specific signaling pathways, influencing SG differentiation and aging.
  • Intrinsic aging leads to slower, milder pathway activation and incomplete sebocyte differentiation.
  • Extrinsic factors cause rapid, intense pathway activation, potentially inhibiting differentiation or inducing keratinocyte conversion.

Conclusions:

  • SG aging is a complex process influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • Signaling pathway dysregulation is central to SG senescence and associated skin conditions.
  • Management strategies for SG aging are being explored, targeting these pathways.