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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

3.3K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection
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Review on Approved and Inprogress COVID-19 Vaccines.

Amir Farnudian-Habibi1,2, Mobina Mirjani1,2, Vahideh Montazer3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review classifies COVID-19 vaccines, including genetic, vector, and novel approaches, highlighting bioinformatics

Keywords:
BioinformaticCOVID-19Epitope PredictionReverse VaccinologymRNA Vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • * Immunology and Virology: Focuses on vaccine development against the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).

Background:

  • * The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates rapid vaccine development.
  • * Vaccine strategies are crucial for global health security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To classify and review COVID-19 vaccines developed up to March 29th, 2021.
  • * To explore the role of bioinformatics in vaccine design.
  • * To discuss the safety, challenges, and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • * Classification of COVID-19 vaccines into specific and non-specific categories.
  • * Review of various vaccine types: genetic-based (mRNA, DNA), vector-based, protein, inactivated, live-attenuated, microneedle arrays (MNAs), and nanoparticles.
  • * Discussion of bioinformatics principles: reverse vaccinology and epitope prediction.

Main Results:

  • * Specific vaccines include mRNA, DNA, vector-based, protein, inactivated, live-attenuated, MNAs, and nanoparticles.
  • * Non-specific vaccines include BCG and MRR.
  • * Bioinformatics plays a key role in modern vaccine design.

Conclusions:

  • * A comprehensive classification of COVID-19 vaccines is presented.
  • * Bioinformatics significantly aids in designing effective and targeted vaccines.
  • * Future vaccine development requires addressing safety, challenges, and leveraging new technologies.