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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

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Interventions for the prevention of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.

Katie E Webster1, Lisa O'Byrne2, Samuel MacKeith3

  • 1Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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Early interventions for COVID-19-related smell loss show uncertain benefits. More research is needed to determine if treatments like nasal sprays can prevent persistent olfactory dysfunction after infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Loss of smell is a common COVID-19 symptom, with many experiencing temporary dysfunction.
  • A significant minority of individuals develop persistent olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19.
  • The efficacy of early interventions for preventing long-term smell loss remains unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of interventions versus no treatment for acute COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
  • To update findings using a living systematic review approach.

Main Methods:

  • Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for COVID-19 olfactory disturbance (<4 weeks duration).
  • Primary outcomes: normal olfactory function, serious adverse effects, and change in sense of smell.
  • Searched multiple databases for published and unpublished trials up to October 20, 2021.

Main Results:

  • Five studies (691 participants) evaluated intranasal corticosteroids, hypertonic saline, and zinc sulfate.
  • Evidence is very uncertain regarding intranasal corticosteroid sprays improving olfactory function recovery.
  • Intranasal corticosteroid drops showed little to no difference in self-rated recovery at 3 months (low-certainty evidence).

Conclusions:

  • Very limited evidence exists on treatments to prevent persistent olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19.
  • Further research and ongoing trials are crucial for understanding treatment efficacy and harms.
  • This living systematic review will be updated as new data becomes available.