Effect of doping and enhanced microstructures of bismuth titanates as aurivillius perovskites

The application of metal oxides in industries has been strengthened by the emergence of perovskite-based materials like bismuth titanates (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ -BTO). They display new functionalities coupled with several mechanisms like doping engineering, crystalline and microstructure. Recently, the research on BTO with other doping elements has moved toward enhanced microstructural applications. This article mainly focuses on recent developments in the fabrication methods, crystal structure and microstructural analysis of BTO materials with doping elements. The excellent microstructure, easy synthesis methods, high chemical stability, good optical efficiency, and perfect doping made this material attractive. The crystal structure transition is analyzed. This review contemplates the current research on various BTO-based materials. A detailed discussion on grain size density measurements is given. This work concludes by establishing the future perspectives, challenges and present industrial applications of BTO.