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Related Concept Videos

Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

294
Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...
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Transformers01:26

Transformers

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A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss...
188
Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

129
Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

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A vision transformer for lightning intensity estimation using 3D weather radar.

Mingyue Lu1, Menglong Wang1, Qian Zhang2

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Geographic Science College, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Accurately estimating lightning intensity is crucial for disaster risk assessment. This study introduces a Vision Transformer model using 3D weather radar data to automatically assess lightning intensity, improving safety measures.

Keywords:
3D weather radarLightning intensity estimationMulticategory classificationSMOTEVision transformer

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Area of Science:

  • Meteorology and Atmospheric Science
  • Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
  • Geophysics and Earth Science

Background:

  • Lightning poses significant threats due to its destructive power (blast wave, high temperature, high voltage).
  • Estimating lightning intensity is vital for effective lightning protection and disaster risk assessment.
  • Severe convective weather phenomena, like lightning, require advanced monitoring systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel Vision Transformer model for automatic lightning intensity estimation.
  • To leverage 3D weather radar data for extracting features correlated with lightning intensity.
  • To enhance lightning disaster risk assessment and protection strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D weather radar data and lightning location data to create lightning feature samples.
  • Transformed lightning intensity estimation into a multicategory classification task.
  • Employed the Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) for sample balancing and optimization.
  • Developed and evaluated a Vision Transformer model for lightning intensity estimation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed Vision Transformer model demonstrated strong performance in lightning intensity estimation.
  • The framework successfully extracted relevant 3D spatial features from weather radar data.
  • The multicategory classification approach proved effective for the task.

Conclusions:

  • Vision Transformer models are highly effective for lightning intensity estimation using 3D weather radar data.
  • Automated estimation of lightning intensity can significantly aid in disaster preparedness.
  • This approach offers a promising direction for advancing meteorological hazard monitoring.