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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
34.4K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

53.2K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
53.2K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.1K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles
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Advances in mRNA vaccines.

Mengyun Li1, Zining Wang1, Chunyuan Xie1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 5, 2022
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Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, enhanced by nucleoside modification and lipid nanoparticle delivery, show great efficacy and safety. This review covers advancements in mRNA vaccine technology and its clinical applications.

Keywords:
Cancer vaccineIn vitro transcriptionLipid nanoparticleNeoantigenmRNA vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Vaccinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a significant platform, highlighted by the successful FDA approval of COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Key innovations include nucleoside modification and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems, which enhance mRNA stability, immunogenicity, and translation.
  • These advancements have propelled mRNA technology into mainstream vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in mRNA vaccine development.
  • To highlight key technological advancements in mRNA vaccine design and delivery.
  • To provide an overview of the clinical applications of mRNA vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on mRNA vaccine technology.
  • Analysis of advancements in nucleoside modification techniques for mRNA.
  • Examination of lipid nanoparticle formulations for efficient mRNA delivery.
  • Synthesis of information on in vitro mRNA production and purification.

Main Results:

  • Nucleoside modification and LNP delivery significantly improve mRNA immunogenicity, stability, and translation efficiency.
  • In vitro synthesis and purification methods are crucial for producing high-quality mRNA vaccines.
  • LNP vectors facilitate effective in vivo delivery and translation of mRNA payloads.
  • mRNA technology demonstrates potential beyond infectious diseases, including applications in cancer and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA vaccines represent a powerful and versatile vaccine platform with a strong safety profile.
  • Continued innovation in mRNA technology, particularly in delivery systems and modifications, is driving progress.
  • The clinical utility of mRNA vaccines is expanding to diverse therapeutic areas, including oncology and immunology.