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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Ribozymes02:47

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Applications of self-replicating RNA.

Kenneth Lundstrom1

  • 1PanTherapeutics, Lutry, Switzerland.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-replicating RNA viral vectors offer versatile prophylactic and therapeutic applications, demonstrating robust immune responses and protection against infectious diseases and cancer in animal models. Their transient nature and flexibility make them promising for vaccine development.

Keywords:
CancerClinical trialsDNA repliconsImmunotherapyInfectious diseasesRNA repliconsSelf-replicating RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Self-replicating RNA viral vectors are engineered for prophylactic and therapeutic uses, primarily in infectious diseases and cancer.
  • Various RNA viruses (alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles, rhabdoviruses) are utilized for vector development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential of self-replicating RNA viral vectors in vaccine development for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy.
  • To assess the efficacy of these vectors in eliciting immune responses and providing protection in preclinical models.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering of self-replicating RNA viral vectors from positive and negative strand RNA viruses.
  • Utilizing vectors for expression of viral surface proteins and tumor antigens.
  • Conducting immunization studies in animal models to assess immune responses and protection against pathogen or tumor challenges.

Main Results:

  • High-level RNA amplification led to efficient expression of target antigens.
  • Immunization induced robust neutralizing antibody responses and protection against lethal pathogen challenges.
  • Tumor antigen expression resulted in tumor regression, eradication, and protection against tumor challenges in animal models.

Conclusions:

  • Self-replicating RNA viral vectors demonstrate significant potential for vaccine development due to efficient antigen expression and robust immune responses.
  • Their transient nature and non-integration into the host genome are advantageous for safety and efficacy.
  • These vectors show flexibility in application (viral particles, replicons, plasmids) and have progressed to clinical trials, particularly in cancer immunotherapy.