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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
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Cytokinesis Blocked Micronuclei Aberration Analysis.

Takamitsu A Kato1

  • 1Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Takamitsu.Kato@colostate.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The Cytokinesis Blocked Micronuclei (CBMN) assay is a sensitive method to detect chromosome damage. Micronuclei formation indicates genotoxicity from agents causing DNA damage during cell division.

Keywords:
Cytochalasin BCytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assayGenotoxicityNuclear segregation

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The Cytokinesis Blocked Micronuclei (CBMN) assay is a widely used method for assessing genotoxicity.
  • It detects chromosome aberrations and aneuploidy, which are indicators of DNA damage and genetic instability.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of micronuclei formation is crucial for interpreting assay results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the principles and applications of the CBMN assay.
  • To explain how genotoxic agents induce DNA damage and lead to micronuclei formation.
  • To highlight the utility of the CBMN assay in predicting agent genotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • The CBMN assay utilizes cytochalasin B to block cytokinesis, resulting in binucleated cells.
  • Micronuclei, which are small nuclei containing chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes, are formed during cell division.
  • Analysis of binucleated cells allows for the quantification of micronuclei frequency.

Main Results:

  • The frequency of micronuclei formation directly correlates with the genotoxic potential of tested agents.
  • The assay can identify chromosome breakage and loss events.
  • Combined with specific probes, the CBMN assay can elucidate the specific mechanisms of genotoxicity.

Conclusions:

  • The CBMN assay is a rapid and sensitive tool for evaluating genotoxicity.
  • Micronuclei frequency serves as a reliable biomarker for DNA damage and chromosome instability.
  • The assay's versatility allows for detailed characterization of genotoxic effects.