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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

417
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

4.8K

Expectation effects in working memory training.

Jocelyn Parong1, Aaron R Seitz2, Susanne M Jaeggi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Participant expectations significantly impact cognitive training outcomes. Positive expectations enhance cognitive gains, regardless of the specific training received, highlighting the importance of mindset in behavioral interventions.

Keywords:
cognitive trainingexpectation effectplacebo effectworking memory training

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Research is exploring behavioral training to improve cognitive function.
  • Participant expectations may be a key mechanism for cognitive gains.
  • Previous studies have not examined expectation manipulation in long-term cognitive training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if manipulating participant expectations can influence cognitive function changes.
  • To assess the impact of positive versus negative expectations on cognitive training outcomes.
  • To determine if expectation effects interact with specific training interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants received either positive or negative expectations (explicitly and associatively) before training.
  • Two training conditions were used: working memory training and a control task.
  • Cognitive function was measured to assess training and expectation effects.

Main Results:

  • Working memory training led to greater cognitive gains than the control task.
  • Positive expectations resulted in larger cognitive gains compared to negative expectations, irrespective of training.
  • No significant interaction was found between the training condition and expectation manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Participant expectations play a crucial role in cognitive training effectiveness.
  • Mindset and expectations can be leveraged to optimize behavioral interventions for cognitive enhancement.
  • Individual characteristics may moderate the influence of expectations on training outcomes.