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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Shoulder Arthrodesis.

Joseph A Abboud1, Kevin J Cronin

  • 1From the Rothman Orthopaedic Institute-Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA (Abboud), and the Florida Orthopaedic Institute-Tampa, FL (Cronin).

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|September 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shoulder arthrodesis fuses the glenohumeral joint for severe shoulder dysfunction. This salvage procedure offers pain relief and stability, particularly after failed shoulder arthroplasty or injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Shoulder arthrodesis is a salvage procedure for end-stage glenohumeral joint disease.
  • Indications include brachial plexus injury, chronic instability, and failed shoulder arthroplasty.
  • It aims to provide a pain-free, stable shoulder with functional improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the indications, techniques, optimal positioning, functional outcomes, and complications of shoulder arthrodesis.
  • To highlight its role as a salvage option in complex shoulder pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical techniques for shoulder arthrodesis (intra-articular, extra-articular).
  • Discussion of fixation methods: screw, plate, external fixation, and arthroscopic-assisted.
  • Analysis of the debated optimal arm position for fusion (30° flexion, 30° abduction, 30° internal rotation).

Main Results:

  • Successful fusion allows functional activities like hand-to-mouth and hygiene.
  • Common complications include nonunion, malunion, fracture, and infection.
  • Increasing rates of failed shoulder arthroplasty necessitate consideration of salvage procedures like arthrodesis.

Conclusions:

  • Shoulder arthrodesis is a viable end-stage treatment for debilitating shoulder conditions.
  • Careful patient selection and surgical technique are crucial for optimal outcomes.
  • It remains an important option for managing complex cases, including failed joint replacements.