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Related Concept Videos

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
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Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management01:30

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The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
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On the other...
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Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Updates on eosinophilic disorders.

Alexandar Tzankov1, Kaaren K Reichard2, Robert P Hasserjian3

  • 1Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology
|September 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The International Consensus Classification updates eosinophilic disorder categories, renaming M/LN-eo to reflect tyrosine kinase gene fusions. New entities and diagnostic criteria are introduced for better classification of these myeloid neoplasms.

Keywords:
Chronic eosinophilic leukemiaETV6::ABL1; FLT3 rearrangementIdiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromeMyeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophiliaNOSTyrosine kinase gene fusion

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eosinophilic disorders encompass a range of conditions characterized by an overproduction of eosinophils.
  • Previous classifications, such as myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo), have been refined to better reflect underlying genetic abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and explain the changes and updates in eosinophilic disorders according to the International Consensus Classification (ICC).
  • To clarify the classification, diagnosis, and distinction of various eosinophilic neoplasms, particularly those with tyrosine kinase gene fusions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and classification systems for eosinophilic disorders.
  • Analysis of genetic alterations, including tyrosine kinase gene fusions, associated with these neoplasms.
  • Comparison of diagnostic criteria for differentiating overlapping hematologic malignancies.

Main Results:

  • The category M/LN-eo is updated to M/LN-eo with tyrosine kinase gene fusions.
  • New entities, M/LN-eo with ETV6::ABL1 and FLT3 fusions, are added. M/LN-eo with JAK2 fusions are now formal entities.
  • Updated information on PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1 neoplasms is provided, with guidance on distinguishing them from Ph-like B-ALL, T-ALL, and systemic mastocytosis.
  • Bone marrow morphology is now a diagnostic criterion for chronic eosinophilic leukemia, NOS (CEL, NOS), and idiopathic hypereosinophilia/hypereosinophilic syndrome (HE/HES).

Conclusions:

  • The ICC provides a refined framework for classifying eosinophilic disorders based on genetic drivers.
  • These updates facilitate accurate diagnosis and differentiation of myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia.
  • Inclusion of bone marrow morphology aids in distinguishing neoplastic from idiopathic eosinophilic conditions.