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Related Concept Videos

Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation
11:06

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Ocular and stabilization feedback: an evaluation of two EMG biofeedback control procedures.

R L Hodes, E W Howland

    Biofeedback and Self-Regulation
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ocular biofeedback is a suitable control procedure for frontalis EMG studies, unlike Stabilization feedback. Ocular feedback did not reduce EMG but matched other methods for subjective effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Electromyography (EMG) and Biofeedback
    • Psychophysiology
    • Behavioral Medicine

    Background:

    • Electromyography (EMG) biofeedback is used to train muscle relaxation.
    • Control procedures are essential for evaluating nonspecific treatment effects in biofeedback research.
    • Novel control procedures require rigorous evaluation to ensure their adequacy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the adequacy of two novel EMG biofeedback control procedures: Ocular and Stabilization.
    • To compare the effects of Veridical, Ocular, and Stabilization feedback on frontalis EMG activity.
    • To assess the impact of these feedback conditions on subjective measures of nonspecific treatment effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Thirty-six subjects participated in a single training session.

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  • Three feedback conditions were employed: Veridical (contingent frontal EMG feedback), Ocular (contingent vertical eye movement feedback), and Stabilization (feedback for deviation from baseline EMG).
  • Frontalis EMG levels and subjective measures were recorded.

    • Main Results:

    • Ocular feedback was supported as an adequate control procedure, while Stabilization feedback was not.
    • Ocular feedback did not significantly reduce frontalis EMG but yielded subjective effects comparable to Veridical feedback.
    • Stabilization feedback resulted in minor EMG reductions, increased boredom, and a higher likelihood of perceived false feedback.

    Conclusions:

    • Ocular feedback serves as a viable control in frontalis EMG biofeedback studies.
    • Stabilization feedback is not recommended as a control procedure due to its effects on EMG, subjective experience, and perceived validity.
    • Findings have implications for understanding and evaluating nonspecific treatment effects in biofeedback research, considering attribution and multiprocess relaxation theories.