Soil quality assessment of paddy fields (in Northern Iran) with different productivities: establishing the critical...

The aim of this study was to assess soil quality and identify main indicators and their critical limits as a function of relative rice yield in northern Iran. In present study, 60 topsoil (0-30 cm) samples were collected and 18 physical, chemical, and biological soil attributes were measured and analyzed. Based on the mean rice yield obtained from sampling sites, paddy fields were divided into fields with low ([Formula: see text] 4.5 t ha^-1) and high ([Formula: see text] 4.5 t ha^-1) productivity. Using the principal component analysis (PCA), among 18 soil indicators, 4 indicators were selected as the minimum dataset (MDS) including soil organic carbon (OC), urease activity, bulk density (BD), and available Zn (AZn). The upper and lower limits of MDS indicators and soil quality index (SQI) were defined using scatterplot. The results showed that the mean SQI of high productivity fields (0.95) was significantly higher than that in low productivity fields (0.77). The upper and lower limits for soil OC were 3.5 and 1.0 (g 100 g^-1), urease activity 84 and 43 (μg NH₄ g soil^-1 2 h^-1), BD 1.84 and 1.60 (g cm^-3), and AZn 2.0 and 0.6 (mg kg^-1), respectively. The soil quality assessment using SQI accounted for 52% of the rice yield variation. Thus, management practices and mitigation of soil limiting factors should be comprehensively investigated to ensure sustainable rice production in the paddy fields of northern Iran.