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Plasmablastic lymphoma: An update.

Jenique Bailly1, Nicholas Jenkins1, Dharshnee Chetty2

  • 1Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.

International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
|September 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), an aggressive B cell cancer linked to HIV, is more common in South Africa. Key diagnostic markers include a plasma cell immunophenotype, MYC overexpression, and Epstein-Barr virus presence.

Keywords:
EBVHIVMYCaggressive lymphomaplasmablastic lymphomaplasmablastic myeloma

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare but aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • It is strongly associated with immunosuppression, especially Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
  • South Africa has a high incidence of PBL due to its significant HIV burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL).
  • Focus areas include epidemiology, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical management.
  • Highlight distinguishing features to aid in PBL diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on PBL.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, particularly in high HIV prevalence regions.
  • Summary of diagnostic criteria and laboratory findings.

Main Results:

  • PBL often presents diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other lymphomas and myeloma.
  • Key distinguishing laboratory features include a plasma cell immunophenotype, MYC overexpression, and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) expression.
  • Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression is typically absent in PBL.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate laboratory diagnosis is crucial for effective management of PBL.
  • Understanding the specific immunophenotypic and molecular markers aids in differentiating PBL.
  • Further research and awareness are needed, especially in regions with high HIV prevalence.