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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

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Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
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Nuclear Fission02:50

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Surrogate Model Development for Digital Experiments in Welding
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Twisty device explores alternative path to fusion.

Daniel Clery

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 8, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    A revamped German stellarator is set to operate for extended durations at higher temperatures, aiming to rival the performance of tokamaks in fusion energy research. This advancement signifies a potential leap in magnetic confinement fusion technology.

    Area of Science:

    • Nuclear Fusion Energy: Investigating advanced magnetic confinement fusion devices.
    • Plasma Physics: Exploring high-temperature plasma behavior in toroidal systems.

    Background:

    • Stellarators represent an alternative magnetic confinement fusion concept to tokamaks.
    • Previous stellarator designs faced limitations in operational duration and plasma stability.

    Discussion:

    • The upgraded German stellarator incorporates design improvements for enhanced plasma confinement.
    • New engineering solutions address heat exhaust and plasma-wall interactions.
    • The aim is to achieve sustained high-performance plasma regimes.

    Key Insights:

    • The revamped stellarator is engineered for significantly longer operational pulses.
    • Achieving higher plasma temperatures is a primary objective for improved fusion efficiency.

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  • This development positions stellarators as a more competitive alternative to tokamaks.

    • Outlook:

    • Successful operation could validate the stellarator concept for future fusion power plants.
    • Further research will focus on optimizing plasma control and extending operational limits.
    • This work contributes to the global effort to achieve viable fusion energy.