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Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
Another type of impurity is clay and fine material that...

Pozzolans

Pozzolans

Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

Portland Cement

Portland Cement

Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...

Mortar

Mortar

Mortar, a mixture of Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water, is a crucial binding material in construction. Its primary function is to join masonry units together, filling gaps and ensuring a uniform distribution of weight across the structure. This helps in preventing potential weaknesses. Mortar also serves as a protective barrier against environmental elements such as water and wind, thereby safeguarding the interior of the structure. It also compensates for surface irregularities...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests

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Demolition Waste Potential for Completely Cement-Free Binders.

Ahmed Anees Alani¹, Ruslan Lesovik², Valery Lesovik^2,3

¹University of Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 9, 2022

Summary

Construction waste can be repurposed into effective cementless binders. Utilizing fine concrete scrap fractions, particularly those rich in clinker minerals, enhances binder strength for building applications.

Keywords:

cement-free binders clinker minerals concrete waste microstructural studies

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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Civil Engineering
Waste Management

Background:

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is a significant global issue.
CDW is often used as aggregate, but its potential in cementless binders is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively study the composition and properties of concrete waste fractions.
To evaluate the rational use of concrete waste as cementless binders.

Main Methods:

Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA).

Main Results:

Fine fractions (<0.16 mm) contain over 20% non-hydrated clinker minerals (alite and belite).
Cementless binders from the smallest fractions (<0.315 mm) exhibit 1.5-2 times higher compressive strength.
28-day compressive strength reached 7.8 MPa; 1-day steam-cured strength was 5.9 MPa.

Conclusions:

Concrete waste, particularly fine fractions rich in clinker minerals, can form effective cementless binders.
These binders show promising strength for use in enclosing building structures.