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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
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Early-Stage Geopolymerization Process of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer.

Xiuyu Zhu1, Hao Qian1, Hongxiao Wu2

  • 1College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the early geopolymerization of metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) involves fragment dissolution and a spatial filling mechanism. Understanding these stages improves MKG microstructure and performance.

Keywords:
dehydrationearly geopolymerizationexpansionphysicochemical coupling modelspatial filling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Geopolymerization of aluminosilicate materials is crucial for microstructure and performance.
  • Understanding the early stages of geopolymerization is key to controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the physicochemical process of metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) geopolymerization within the first 5 days.
  • To analyze the evolution of electrical resistivity, dehydration, volume deformation, and ionic concentration during early geopolymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Chronological analysis of physicochemical characteristics.
  • Comprehensive evaluation of electrical resistivity, dehydration, volume deformation, and ionic concentration.
  • Application of chemical models to define geopolymerization stages.

Main Results:

  • Chemical dissolution yields large fragments, not small monomers.
  • The solid matrix forms via a 'spatial filling rule': gel growth by locking swelling fragments, then filling residual space.
  • Early MKG geopolymerization is characterized by six distinct physicochemical stages: dismantling, locking fixation, free filling, limited filling, second dissolution, and local mending.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide a detailed understanding of early-stage MKG geopolymerization phase evolution.
  • This knowledge allows for better manipulation of MKG microstructure.
  • Improved control over microstructure leads to enhanced engineering performances of MKG.