Numerical Approach to Facial Palsy Using a Novel Registration Method with 3D Facial Landmark

Treatment of facial palsy is essential because neglecting this disorder can lead to serious sequelae and further damage. For an objective evaluation and consistent rehabilitation training program of facial palsy patients, a clinician's evaluation must be simultaneously performed alongside quantitative evaluation. Recent research has evaluated facial palsy using 68 facial landmarks as features. However, facial palsy has numerous features, whereas existing studies use relatively few landmarks; moreover, they do not confirm the degree of improvement in the patient. In addition, as the face of a normal person is not perfectly symmetrical, it must be compared with previous images taken at a different time. Therefore, we introduce three methods to numerically approach measuring the degree of facial palsy after extracting 478 3D facial landmarks from 2D RGB images taken at different times. The proposed numerical approach performs registration to compare the same facial palsy patients at different times. We scale landmarks by performing scale matching before global registration. After scale matching, coarse registration is performed with global registration. Point-to-plane ICP is performed using the transformation matrix obtained from global registration as the initial matrix. After registration, the distance symmetry, angular symmetry, and amount of landmark movement are calculated for the left and right sides of the face. The degree of facial palsy at a certain point in time can be approached numerically and can be compared with the degree of palsy at other times. For the same facial expressions, the degree of facial palsy at different times can be measured through distance and angle symmetry. For different facial expressions, the simultaneous degree of facial palsy in the left and right sides can be compared through the amount of landmark movement. Through experiments, the proposed method was tested using the facial palsy patient database at different times. The experiments involved clinicians and confirmed that using the proposed numerical approach can help assess the progression of facial palsy.