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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Ti-doped CeO₂ Stabilized Single-Atom Rhodium Catalyst for Selective and Stable CO₂ Hydrogenation to Ethanol.

Ke Zheng¹, Yufeng Li¹, Bing Liu¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|September 9, 2022

Summary

A novel single-atom catalyst using Rhodium on Ti-doped ceria (Rh1/CeTiO x) significantly boosts ethanol production from CO2 hydrogenation. This catalyst achieves high selectivity and stability, offering a promising solution for CO2 conversion.

Keywords:

CO2 Hydrogenation Ethanol Rh1/CeTiOx Single-Atom Catalyst Stability

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Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Developing efficient and stable catalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation to ethanol is crucial but challenging.
Existing catalysts often struggle with low selectivity, activity, or stability, hindering practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and synthesize a highly effective single-atom catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation into ethanol.
To investigate the synergistic effects of support modification and single-atom dispersion on catalytic performance and stability.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a Rhodium single-atom catalyst (Rh1) supported on Ti-doped ceria (CeTiO x).
Characterization of the catalyst's structure, electronic properties, and active sites.
Evaluation of catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation, focusing on ethanol selectivity, turnover frequency, and stability.

Main Results:

The Rh1/CeTiO x catalyst achieved exceptional ethanol selectivity (≈99.1%) and a record turnover frequency (493.1 h⁻¹).
Synergistic effects between Ti-doping and monoatomic Rh facilitated CO2 adsorption, activation, and C-C coupling.
Ti-doping induced crystal reconstruction, forming strong Rh-O bonds that ensured outstanding catalyst stability.

Conclusions:

The developed Rh1/CeTiO x single-atom catalyst demonstrates superior performance for CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol.
Support modification, specifically Ti-doping in CeO2, is critical for enhancing catalyst activity and stability.
This work underscores the potential of rational single-atom catalyst design through support engineering.