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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

2.4K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
2.4K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.2K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.2K
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

4.4K
The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
4.4K
Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

27.5K
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
 
Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution....
27.5K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

35.5K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
35.5K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.0K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.0K

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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source
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Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Published on: August 17, 2018

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Limits to Crystallization Pressure.

Lei Li1, Felix Kohler1, Joanna Dziadkowiec1

  • 1Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), The NJORD Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, PO box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crystallization pressure causes damage, but its maximum force remains debated. New experiments reveal this pressure is limited at the nanoscale, offering insights into material science and heritage conservation.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Crystallization pressure is a known cause of material damage in structures and geological formations.
  • A long-standing discrepancy exists between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of maximum crystallization pressure.
  • Understanding this pressure is crucial for predicting material degradation and geological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and employ a novel experimental technique for imaging nanoconfined crystallization under controlled pressure.
  • To investigate the behavior of crystallization pressure at the nanoscale, specifically in calcite.
  • To reconcile the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental values of crystallization pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel experimental setup to image nanoconfined crystallization.
  • Controlled pressure application during the crystallization process.
  • Integration of molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy data for modeling disjoining pressure.

Main Results:

  • Experimental results demonstrate that crystallization pressure-induced displacement is arrested at pressures significantly lower than the theoretical thermodynamic limit.
  • A robust model of disjoining pressure was constructed, enabling calculation of absolute surface distances.
  • A novel mechanism for the transition between damage and adhesion driven by crystallization was identified.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides high-resolution experimental evidence and a theoretical model clarifying the behavior of crystallization pressure at the nanoscale.
  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about the maximum attainable crystallization pressure.
  • The developed mechanism has potential applications in Earth sciences, materials science, and the conservation of cultural heritage.