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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

Published on: October 6, 2014

Eyebrow Position Before and After Enucleation.

Philip L Custer¹, Robi N Maamari¹, Julia B Huecker¹

¹John F. Hardesty MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

|September 9, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Eyebrow elevation in anophthalmic patients often occurs before eye removal and is linked to ptosis and deeper eye sockets. This suggests both sensory feedback and compensatory actions influence brow position.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience

Background:

Eyebrow elevation in anophthalmic patients has been theorized to result from proprioceptive input to the frontalis muscle.
Previous studies suggest a link between eyebrow position and other clinical findings, but comprehensive analysis is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the frequency of eyebrow elevation in anophthalmic patients before and after enucleation.
To identify clinical factors associated with eyebrow position in this population.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 134 anophthalmic patients' demographics, measurements, and photographs.
Subjective grading of brow position and superior sulcus depth using reference photographs.

Main Results:

Preoperative eyebrow elevation was observed in 56.2% of patients without blepharospasm.
Ipsilateral ptosis, deep superior sulcus, and right-sided pathology were more common in patients with preoperative brow elevation.
Postoperative brow elevation occurred in 31.0% of patients without preoperative elevation, associated with deepening of the superior sulcus.

Conclusions:

Eyebrow elevation is common in anophthalmic patients and associated with ptosis and superior sulcus deepening, independent of intact vision.
Findings support both proprioceptive and compensatory mechanisms contributing to eyebrow elevation in anophthalmia.