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Profile of Embedded Validity Indicators in Criminal Defendants with Verified Valid Neuropsychological Test

John-Christopher A Finley¹, Michael Brook¹, Daniel M Kern^1,2

¹Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists

|September 10, 2022

Summary

Embedded validity indicators (EVIs) show mixed performance in criminal defendants. Some EVIs are reliable, while others are influenced by factors like intellectual functioning and brain injury history in forensic evaluations.

Keywords:

Effort testing Embedded validity indicators Forensic neuropsychology Neuropsychology Performance validity

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Area of Science:

Neuropsychology
Forensic Psychology
Clinical Psychology

Background:

Embedded validity indicators (EVIs) are crucial in forensic neuropsychology for assessing performance validity.
Limited research exists on EVI utility within criminal-forensic practice, where accuracy has significant implications.
Understanding EVI performance in defendant populations is vital for reliable evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of various EVIs in criminal defendant samples.
To identify relationships between EVI scores and intrapersonal variables affecting performance validity.
To determine the suitability of EVIs for criminal-forensic evaluations.

Main Methods:

Assessed performance on 16 established EVI cutoffs in 164 criminal defendants with valid performance.
Conducted secondary analyses on the relationship between EVI scores and intrapersonal variables in 83 defendants.
Forensic neuropsychological evaluations were utilized for participant referral.

Main Results:

Approximately half of the tested EVIs performed as expected in the criminal defendant sample.
Underperforming EVIs were significantly associated with intrapersonal factors such as low intellectual functioning and history of traumatic brain injury or neurodevelopmental disorder.
Specific EVIs showing adequate performance included those within the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Span, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Trail Making Test Part B, and Stroop Word and Color.

Conclusions:

Several EVIs demonstrate appropriateness for use in criminal-forensic settings.
Practitioners should exercise caution and selectivity when interpreting EVIs for criminal court defendants.
Consideration of intrapersonal variables is essential for accurate EVI interpretation in forensic evaluations.