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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

1.3K
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
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Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Automated Infusion and Blood Sampling for Precise Hormonal Analysis in Conscious Mice
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Luteinizing Hormone Dynamics in Menstruation.

Irene Lee, Swathi Prabhu, Meenakshi Singhal

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |September 10, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study models luteinizing hormone (LH) dynamics during menstruation, revealing distinct system behaviors. Understanding LH control is crucial for improving women's health and menstrual literacy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive endocrinology
    • Systems biology
    • Mathematical modeling

    Background:

    • Menstruation is a complex endocrine-regulated cycle often misunderstood due to social stigma.
    • Inadequate menstrual literacy contributes to suboptimal healthcare and significant burdens for women.
    • Hormonal fluctuations, particularly luteinizing hormone (LH), orchestrate menstrual cycle stages.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a mathematical model for luteinizing hormone (LH) dynamics within the menstrual cycle.
    • To analyze the stability and behavior of LH regulation using systems analysis.
    • To contribute to a better understanding of menstrual cycle control for improved women's health research and therapeutics.

    Main Methods:

    • Derived a transfer function model for LH dynamics using existing literature parameters and kinetic equations.
    • Analyzed system stability to characterize LH sensitization and peak cycle behavior.
    • Investigated the influence of rate constants for LH receptor dynamics on system behavior.

    Main Results:

    • The LH model exhibits overdamped dynamics during baseline sensitization.
    • Underdamped, mildly resonant dynamics are observed at the menstrual cycle peak.
    • The strength of resonance is dependent on the rate constants of LH receptor formation, binding, and desensitization.

    Conclusions:

    • Mathematical modeling of LH dynamics provides insights into menstrual cycle regulation.
    • Understanding LH system stability offers a pathway towards improved diagnostics and therapeutics for women's health.
    • Further integration with models of other key hormones (FSH, progesterone, GnRH) can elucidate the complete menstrual cycle control system.