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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery

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Colorectal cancer.

Philip B Paty1, Julio Garcia-Aguilar1

  • 1Colorectal Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|September 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Over 50 years, advancements in colorectal cancer care have significantly improved patient outcomes. Innovations in detection, staging, and treatment have enhanced recurrence-free survival and quality of life.

Keywords:
adjuvant chemotherapycolon cancerminimally invasive surgeryneoadjuvant therapyrectal cancerscreening

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Surgery remains the primary treatment for colorectal cancer.
  • Significant progress has been made over the last 50 years.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is crucial for advancing cancer care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key advancements in colorectal cancer detection, staging, and treatment.
  • To highlight contributions from various medical and scientific fields.
  • To assess improvements in patient survival and quality of life over 50 years.

Main Methods:

  • Review of technological and clinical trial advancements.
  • Analysis of contributions from surgeons, oncologists, gastroenterologists, engineers, and scientists.
  • Examination of data on postsurgical recurrence-free survival and treatment toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Dramatic improvements in colorectal cancer detection and staging.
  • Enhanced treatment strategies leading to increased recurrence-free survival.
  • Reduced treatment time and toxicity, improving patient quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Multifaceted advancements have transformed colorectal cancer management.
  • Interdisciplinary efforts have significantly improved patient prognosis and well-being.
  • Continued innovation is vital for further progress in colorectal cancer care.