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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

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The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
182
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Genitourinary tumors.

Harry Herr1, Pramod Sogani1, James Eastham1

  • 1Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|September 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center pioneered advances in common urologic cancer care. This review highlights surgical procedures and treatments that established new standards over the past 50 years.

Keywords:
genitourinary surgical oncologytumors

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Area of Science:

  • Urologic oncology
  • Surgical innovation
  • Cancer treatment paradigms

Background:

  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) has significantly contributed to urologic cancer research and patient care.
  • Past advancements have led to paradigm shifts and new standards in cancer management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key surgical procedures and treatment strategies developed at MSK.
  • To highlight innovations in common urologic cancers over the last 50 years.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of surgical techniques and treatment protocols.
  • Historical analysis of contributions from MSK urologic surgeons and colleagues.

Main Results:

  • Identification of pioneering surgical procedures in urologic oncology.
  • Documentation of novel treatment strategies that redefined patient care.
  • Summary of MSK's impact on establishing new standards of care for common urologic malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • MSK has a rich history of innovation in urologic cancer care.
  • The reviewed contributions represent significant advancements in the field.
  • These pioneering efforts have lasting implications for patient outcomes and treatment protocols.